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#Seasons And Nature

Myths explaining natural cycles, agriculture, the year.

Ink rubbing of an Eastern Han stone relief from the Wu Liang Shrine — the great Fusang mulberry at centre with the sun-crows perched in its branches, the archer Yi at upper right drawing a bow up into the tree, and the solar goddess Xihe with a dragon-horse chariot below.
Chinese

Houyi Shoots the Ten Suns

Ten suns climbed into the sky at once and the world began to cook: the crops charred, the trees died, and the people had nothing left to eat. So the sage-emperor Yao sent for an archer.

6 minHuainanzi
A traditional Chinese line drawing of the solar goddess Xihe kneeling at the water's edge and bathing the suns. She reaches both hands down into a gulf where the ten suns, each drawn as a small disc marked with the character 日 (sun), ride crested waves that fan out across the lower field; her hair is gathered in a topknot and she wears a long flowing robe.
Chinese

Xihe, Mother of the Suns

She had ten children and every one of them was a sun. In a gulf of sweet water at the edge of the world she bathed them, and sent them out one at a time to cross the sky.

5 minShanhaijing
Album-leaf ink portrait on tan silk of the Flame Emperor Shennong as a half-length elder — a broad, wild-eyed bearded face beneath long loose hair, two fleshy horn-like protrusions rising from the crown (the ox-headed 人身牛首 iconography of Yandi), his shoulders clad in a sketchily drawn leaf-and-hide garment; near-monochrome brown line-drawing with no background.
Chinese

Shennong, the Divine Farmer

He hewed the first plough from raw wood, then turned on his own body as a laboratory, tasting the hundred plants and meeting seventy poisons in a single day so that his people would know what to eat and what to fear.

6 minYijing
A large fragmentary Babylonian cuneiform tablet, joined from several broken pieces, its surface ruled into columns of dense cuneiform — a copy of the astronomical compendium MUL.APIN, the standard Babylonian handbook of the stars, the paths of the sky and the calendar.
Mesop.

Marduk Founds the Year and Sets the Moon in Its Course

With the sea dead beneath his foot, the champion turned to a quieter labour: fixing the stations of the sky, dividing the year, and handing the moon a monthly work-order. This is the creation of measured time, spoken into being at the world's first dawn.

7 min*Enūma Eliš*
A striding, roaring lion in molded glazed brick — tawny mane, cream body, tail curling up behind — walking left to right across a turquoise-blue field bordered above and below by bands of ochre brick, from the Processional Way of Babylon.
Mesop.

The Akitu: Babylon's New Year Festival

For eleven days each spring the priests of Babylon washed a god, stripped a king of his crown and slapped him until he wept, then carried the whole company of the gods out through the glazed gate to renew the year.

8 minF. Thureau-Dangin
Meiji woodblock print of the sun-goddess Amaterasu emerging from the Heavenly Rock-cave, a radiant white-and-pink-robed figure haloed in a golden sunburst against the dark cliff, while below her the Dread Female Ame-no-Uzume dances wildly on an overturned tub, a red-combed cock crows at her feet, and the strong-god Tajikarao reaches up toward the cave; orange sun-rays stream across the whole scene.
Japanese

Amaterasu and the Rock Cave

The sun-goddess bolts herself inside a stone door and the world goes black; it takes a forged mirror, a ribald dance and eight hundred myriad gods laughing in the dark to trick the light back out.

6 minKojiki
A Japanese woodblock print: a radiant white-robed fox-deity of Inari rises as a supernatural apparition, her streaming black hair haloed in golden fox-fire and a small red torii gate set at her brow, a white fox pressed to her side; before her a richly robed warrior recoils, his black-lacquer bow fallen from his hand and ribbons of gold light coiling through the dark.
Japanese

Inari, God of Rice

A rich man shot arrows at a rice-cake for sport, and the wasted rice rose up as a white bird and flew to a mountain where rice began to grow: the founding legend of Japan's most-worshipped kami, whose name means the rice becomes.

6 minNihon Shoki
Edo-period Japanese woodblock book-illustration of the moon-god Tsukuyomi, a bearded deity in flowing court robes seated frontally with a full moon-disc halo behind his head, one hand raised to his brow, surrounded by columns of classical Japanese text.
Japanese

Tsukuyomi, the Moon God

Born from the right eye of a god washing himself clean of the dead, the moon drew his sword on a goddess who fed him from her mouth, and for that the sun turned her face away: the quiet god whose one act set the sun and moon apart.

5 minNihon Shoki
Richly coloured Japanese painting of the division of the cosmos among the first gods: the newborn sun-goddess Amaterasu rises white-robed inside a great red solar disc at the centre, a moon-child stands within a pale disc at the left, and on the heavenly cliff at the upper right the bearded creator-god Izanagi in white robes holds the heavenly jewel-spear beside the orange-robed goddess Izanami, whose arm is raised; grey cloud and streaming light fill the background.
Japanese

Takamagahara, the High Plain of Heaven

Not a mountain and not a sky-city but a plain: the celestial country of rice-fields and river-councils where the sun-goddess reigns, the cosmos opens, and the line of emperors takes its first breath.

7 minKojiki
Japanese woodblock print of the sun-goddess Amaterasu, white-robed with loose black hair and gold rays streaming from her head, emerging from the mouth of the Heavenly Rock-cave; the fierce-faced strong-god Ta-jikara-wo grasps her hand to draw her out while another deity kneels gazing up at the returning light.
Japanese

Amaterasu, the Sun Goddess

The radiance that shone through all six quarters at birth, the goddess who armed herself like a warrior against her own brother and then shut the door on the world: ancestress of the emperors and light of the High Plain of Heaven.

6 minNihon Shoki
An ancient Egyptian sunk-relief scene carved in stone: the dead god Osiris lies wrapped as a mummy on a low funerary bier beneath an arched shrine-canopy, a bird (the soul as a hawk) hovering with outspread wings over the canopy's ridge; a tall crowned goddess stands mourning at the left and another at the right, each with columns of hieroglyphs above, the whole panel worn grey temple limestone.
Egyptian

The Mysteries of Osiris at Abydos

Once a year the god was carried out to die, hunted to his grave on the desert flats, and brought home again: what a royal treasurer, a Greek philosopher and a temple archive each saw of the drama, across seventeen centuries.

8 minIkhernofret Stela
An ancient Egyptian painted coffin fragment: the sky-goddess Nut spreads her feathered wings above the mummy tended by jackal-headed Anubis, hieroglyphs around them.
Egyptian

Nut: The Overarching Sky

She arches over the whole earth and holds it in her arms; the dead king is her firstborn, the stars are her thousand souls, and each night she swallows the sun to give it back at dawn.

6 minPyramid Texts
An ancient Egyptian tomb painting from the tomb of Nefertari: the god Osiris enthroned inside a sanctuary crowned by a frieze of uraeus serpents, the queen standing in adoration before him.
Egyptian

Osiris, Lord of the Dead

Egypt worshipped him for two and a half thousand years and never once wrote his story down: the green mummiform king who absorbed a jackal god, rose as Orion, and lent his name to every vindicated corpse.

5 minPyramid Texts
An oil painting of the goddess Freyja walking through a twilight landscape, helmeted and cloaked, her golden necklace at her throat, searching for her vanished husband.
Norse

Freyja of the Vanir

She rides to the battlefield in a chariot drawn by cats and carries home half the slain, weeps red gold for a husband who wandered off, and is the goddess men pray to when they are in love: the strangest and most renowned of the Norse goddesses.

6 minSnorri Sturluson
A naïve 17th-century Icelandic manuscript drawing of the Norse god Freyr as a bearded, long-haired man standing frontally with his hands on his hips, wearing a buttoned dark tunic, wide breeches and boots, his name "Freir" inscribed in the upper-right corner.
Norse

Freyr, Lord of Plenty

He climbed into a seat that was not his, looked out over all the worlds, and fell so hard for a giant's daughter that he gave away the one sword that could have saved him: the Vanir god of the fruitful season, lord of the elves, and the most renowned of the gods you called on for peace.

6 minPoetic Edda